Leptospirosis is a serious bacterial disease that affects dogs and can also pose a risk to humans. Caused by spiral-shaped bacteria called Leptospira, this infection is considered zoonotic, meaning it can be transmitted between animals and people. While it’s more common in warm, wet climates, leptospirosis can occur anywhere, especially after heavy rainfall or flooding
1. How Dogs Get Infected
Dogs typically contract leptospirosis through contact with contaminated water or soil. The bacteria are shed in the urine of infected animals, especially rodents, raccoons, and other wildlife. Common sources of exposure include:
-
Drinking or swimming in stagnant water (ponds, puddles, lakes)
-
Contact with urine-contaminated soil or bedding
-
Exposure to infected wildlife or livestock (rats being a common source in Baltimore)
The bacteria enter the body through mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth) or broken skin. Once inside, they spread through the bloodstream and can damage vital organs, most notably the kidneys and liver.
2. Symptoms to Watch For
Leptospirosis can present with a wide range of symptoms, from mild to life-threatening. Common signs include:
-
Fever
-
Vomiting and diarrhea
-
Lethargy or weakness
-
Increased thirst and urination
-
Jaundice (yellowing of the gums or eyes)
-
Muscle pain or stiffness
-
Dehydration and weight loss
In severe cases, dogs may experience difficulty breathing due to pulmonary hemorrhage or develop bleeding disorders.
3. Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosing leptospirosis can be challenging because its symptoms mimic other illnesses. Veterinarians typically use blood and urine tests, and may recommend PCR testing or antibody screening to confirm the diagnosis
Treatment involves antibiotics—usually doxycycline—and supportive care such as IV fluids, nutritional support, and medications to manage symptoms. With early intervention, many dogs recover fully, though some may suffer lasting kidney or liver damage
4. The Importance of Vaccination
Vaccination is a key tool in preventing leptospirosis. The leptospirosis vaccine protects against the four most common strains of Leptospira and is recommended annually for dogs at risk
Risk factors include:
-
Living in or traveling to areas with high rainfall
-
Exposure to wildlife or farm animals (including rats)
-
Frequenting dog parks or boarding facilities
-
Swimming in natural water sources
The initial vaccine series includes two doses spaced 3–4 weeks apart, followed by yearly boosters. Contrary to some myths, leptospirosis vaccines are no more likely to cause side effects than other routine vaccines
5. Protecting People and Pets
Because leptospirosis can spread to humans, it’s important to take precautions if your dog is infected:
-
Wear gloves when cleaning up urine
-
Wash hands thoroughly after handling your dog
-
Disinfect areas where your dog has urinated
-
Keep infected pets away from standing water and other animals
Vaccinating your dog not only protects them, it also reduces the risk of transmission to other pets and people.
Final Thoughts
Leptospirosis is preventable, but it requires awareness and proactive care. Talk to your veterinarian about whether the leptospirosis vaccine is right for your dog, especially if they’re active outdoors or live in a high-risk area. Prevention is always easier and safer than treatment.
If you have questions or concerns about leptospirosis or your pet’s vaccination schedule, don’t hesitate to reach out to our team. We’re here to help keep your furry family members healthy and safe.